Understanding Prostate Cancer: PSA Test, Risk Factors, and Treatment Options

By Buffalo Medical Group | May 21 2025 | Uncategorized

Vigel Varkey, M.D. – Primary Care 

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers among men, especially those over the age of 50. The prostate is a small gland located below the bladder, responsible for producing seminal fluid. Prostate cancer often grows slowly, and in its early stages, may not show symptoms. However, when symptoms do appear, they can include difficulty urinating, frequent urination (especially at night), pain or burning during urination, blood in the urine or semen, and erectile dysfunction. 

One of the most common tools for detecting prostate cancer is the PSA test, or Prostate-Specific Antigen test. This blood test measures the level of PSA, a protein produced by both normal and cancerous prostate cells. Elevated PSA levels can indicate prostate cancer, though they may also result from non-cancerous conditions like prostatitis or an enlarged prostate. 

The PSA test can be ordered by a primary care provider, urologist, or other licensed medical professional. It’s typically recommended for men over 50, but those at higher risk—such as African American men and men with a family history of prostate cancer—may be advised to begin screening earlier, often around age 45. 

Family history plays a significant role in prostate cancer risk. Men with a father, brother, or son who had prostate cancer are 2 to 3 times more likely to develop it themselves. Genetic factors can influence both the likelihood of developing the disease and the age at which it may occur. 

Prostate cancer is categorized into stages that describe the extent of the disease. These range from Stage I, where the cancer is small and confined to the prostate, to Stage IV, where it has spread to nearby tissues or distant parts of the body. 

Treatment options depend on the stage and aggressiveness of the cancer, as well as the patient’s age and overall health. They may include: 

• Active surveillance (for slow-growing cancers) 

• Surgery to remove the prostate 

• Radiation therapy 

• Hormone therapy 

• Chemotherapy 

• Immunotherapy or targeted therapies (for advanced stages) 

Early detection through PSA testing and awareness of risk factors like family history can significantly improve outcomes. Men should talk with their healthcare provider about their personal risk and whether PSA screening is appropriate for them. 

Buffalo Medical Group has primary care physicians that are accepting new patients at locations throughout Western New York. To learn more or to schedule an appointment call 716-656-4471 or visit BuffaloMedicalGroup.com